Publication

I tested a food web model that predicts how environmental productivity (nutrient supply) and tap carnivores should mediate interactions among herbivores, edible plants, and plants that are resistant to herbivory because they possess anti-herbivore defenses. Feeding trials with the dominant grasshopper herbivore at the study site confirmed that certain plant species were resistant to herbivory because of protection by pubescent leaves and stems. Experimental food webs with various numbers of trophic levels composed of edible and resistant plants, grasshoppers, and hunting spiders were assembled in enclosure cages. I randomly assigned half of the cages to a nutrient-enrichment treatment and half remained as a control. Nutrient supply directly enhanced primary productivity and plant and herbivore biomass. Experimentally changing spider abundance caused a classic ''trophic cascade'' in which herbivore biomass increased and edible plant biomass decreased. Resistant plant biomass increased. These results matched predictions of the model with one exception. A trophic cascade was not observed under enriched conditions. The study nevertheless shows that a simple model attempting to explain heterogeneous interactions in food webs may give considerable insight into the dynamics of natural systems.