This draft outline was prepared to cover the basics of techniques and materials used in natural and artificial regeneration practices. A discussion of regeneration methods would be covered by authors handling silvicultural systems in bottomland hardwood forests.

1. Introduction - Overview of information to be presented in this section
2. Natural Regeneration
   • Important definitions:
     • regeneration
     • reproduction
     • advance reproduction
     • regeneration pool
     • reproduction sources
       • seedlings
       • seedling sprouts
       • stump sprouts
       • root sprouts (Figure illustrating sources)
   • Reliability of natural reproduction sources for key species (Table - list of species by probability of seeding, seedling sprouting, stump sprouting, and root sprouting)
   • Techniques to follow seed development and assess seed crops (Figure - fruit of various hardwood species, e.g. 1 and 2 year old oak fruit, ash fruit, sweetgum fruit, sugarberry fruit)
   • Seed dispersal mechanisms for key species (Table of dispersal mechanisms for key species)
   • Longevity of seed in the seed bank (Table of seed longevity for key species)
   • Germinative requirements for seed (Table of germinative requirements for key species)
   • Longevity and development of reproduction in the regeneration pool (Table of seedling shade tolerance for key species) (Table of seedling flood tolerance for key species)
   • Practices to improve the understory microenvironment or morphology of reproduction to improve establishment, and invigorate growth and development of advance reproduction
     • partial cutting
     • midstory control
     • understory weed control
     • soil scarification
     • seedling clipping
3. Artificial Regeneration
   • Important definitions
     • direct seeding
     • underplanting
   • Direct Seeding
     • Collecting seed
     • Viability testing and handling
     • Seed storage.
     • Site preparation
     • Timing, depth, and density of sowing seed
       • Hand sowing
       • Machine sowing (Table of # seed per pound for key species)
     • Potential direct seeding problems
       • seed quality
       • species selection
       • competition
       • soil condition
       • seed predators
   • Planting
     • Obtaining seedlings
     • Judging seedling condition and handling
     • Seedling storage
     • Site preparation
     • Timing, density, and procedure of planting seedlings
       • Hand planting
       • Machine planting
     • Potential planting problems
       • seedling quality
       • planting quality
       • species selection
       • competition
       • seedling herbivory
   • Underplanting
     • Stand and site preparation
       • partial cutting
       • midstory injection
       • understory competition control
     • Seedling establishment
       • spacing
       • post-planting competition control
     • Seedling release
     • Potential problems
4. Regeneration Evaluation Tools and Decision Models
   • revised Johnson model by Hart et al.
   • McKevlin decision tree
   • evaluating and monitoring direct seeding and planting jobs
5. Selected References
   • Seed collection, handling and storage manual (Bonner and Vozzo)
   • Woody plant seed manual
   • Silvics of North America Volume 2 - Hardwoods
   • others